Mysql 5.6 执行计划错误案例分析 | Focus on MySQL,Focus on Life

Contents

1. 前提
2. 问题1
3. 问题二

前提

Mysql 优化器本就是为了优化SQL语句的查找路径而存在，当优化器足够智能的时候，这是一件美事。但是，如果优化器犯二的时候呢？有的时候执行计划看上去非常好，但是慢的无可救药。有的时候执行计划看上去很差，却跑的很欢。接下来我们一起来看一下下面的例子：

表结构

CREATE TABLE `test_table` (
  `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `brokerid` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `groupid` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `cid` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `gid` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `fix_prop_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `more_10hours_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `new_add_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `multi_map_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `fix_clicks` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `fix_consume` float(8,2) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `bid_prop_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `bid_clicks` mediumint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `bid_consume` float(8,2) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `report_date` int(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '',
  `last_update` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '',
  `cst_broker_company_ids` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '',
  `new_fix_multi_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '',
  `new_bid_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '',
  `bid_multi_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '',
  `new_bid_multi_num` mediumint(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `cid` (`cid`,`report_date`),
  KEY `gid` (`gid`,`report_date`),
  KEY `report_date` (`report_date`),
  KEY `brokerid` (`brokerid`,`report_date`),
  KEY `cst_date` (`cst_broker_company_ids`,`report_date`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=57230309 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='test_table'

total rows

dbadmin:abc> select count(*) from test_table;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 52023757 |
+----------+
1 row in set (14.04 sec)

index

dbadmin:abc> show index from test_table;
+---------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+--------------
-+
| Table               | Non_unique | Key_name     | Seq_in_index | Column_name            | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment
 |
+---------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+--------------
-+
| test_table |          0 | PRIMARY      |            1 | id                     | A         |    51696652 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | cid          |            1 | cid                    | A         |       47341 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | cid          |            2 | report_date            | A         |     4308054 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | gid          |            1 | gid                    | A         |       39016 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | gid          |            2 | report_date            | A         |     6462081 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | report_date  |            1 | report_date            | A         |      106591 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | cst_date     |            1 | cst_broker_company_ids | A         |      181391 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | cst_date     |            2 | report_date            | A         |    25848326 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | idx_brokerid |            1 | brokerid               | A         |      555877 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
| test_table |          1 | idx_brokerid |            2 | report_date            | A         |    51696652 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |
 |
+---------------------+------------+--------------+--------------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+--------------
-+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

问题1

SQL 1

dbadmin:abc> explain select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys                 | key      | key_len | ref  | rows     | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_table | index | report_date,brokerid,cst_date | brokerid | 8       | NULL | 51696652 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
dbadmin:abc> show status like 'Han%';
+----------------------------+----------+
| Variable_name              | Value    |
+----------------------------+----------+
| Handler_commit             | 1        |
| Handler_delete             | 0        |
| Handler_discover           | 0        |
| Handler_external_lock      | 2        |
| Handler_mrr_init           | 0        |
| Handler_prepare            | 0        |
| Handler_read_first         | 0        |
| Handler_read_key           | 1        |
| Handler_read_last          | 1        |
| Handler_read_next          | 0        |
| Handler_read_prev          | 45189200 |  --all index scan
| Handler_read_rnd           | 0        |
| Handler_read_rnd_next      | 1        |
| Handler_rollback           | 0        |
| Handler_savepoint          | 0        |
| Handler_savepoint_rollback | 0        |
| Handler_update             | 0        |
| Handler_write              | 0        |
+----------------------------+----------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
执行时间：15 rows in set (5 min 36.12 sec)

SQL 2

dbadmin:abc> explain select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table` force index(brokerid) where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15
    -> ;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_table | index | brokerid      | brokerid | 8       | NULL | 3300 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
dbadmin:abc> show status like 'Han%';
+----------------------------+----------+
| Variable_name              | Value    |
+----------------------------+----------+
| Handler_commit             | 1        |
| Handler_delete             | 0        |
| Handler_discover           | 0        |
| Handler_external_lock      | 2        |
| Handler_mrr_init           | 0        |
| Handler_prepare            | 0        |
| Handler_read_first         | 0        |
| Handler_read_key           | 1        |
| Handler_read_last          | 1        |
| Handler_read_next          | 0        |
| Handler_read_prev          | 45189200 |
| Handler_read_rnd           | 0        |
| Handler_read_rnd_next      | 0        |
| Handler_rollback           | 0        |
| Handler_savepoint          | 0        |
| Handler_savepoint_rollback | 0        |
| Handler_update             | 0        |
| Handler_write              | 0        |
+----------------------------+----------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)
执行时间：15 rows in set (5 min 38.85 sec)

总结

为什么explain中的rows不一样，最终的扫描的Handler_read_prev一样呢？

哈哈，只能说explain 中的limit 欺骗了你。。。 limit optimization

问题二

针对以上案例，为什么Mysql 会选择brokerid 作为索引呢？为什么不用其他的索引呢？我们来强制指定看看

dbadmin:abc> explain select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table` force index(cst_date) where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15
    -> ;
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+-----------------------+------+---------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type | possible_keys         | key  | key_len | ref  | rows     | Extra                                        |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+-----------------------+------+---------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_table | ALL  | cst_date,idx_brokerid | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 51696652 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------------------+------+-----------------------+------+---------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

看样子，还是不行？强制索引无效。。。怎么办？那我们就应该去看看Mysql到底是如何一步一步选择执行计划的，还好Mysql 5.6 提供了另外一种追踪途径 optimizer_trace

mysql> SET optimizer_trace="enabled=on";
SQL1:
select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
mysql> SELECT trace FROM information_schema.OPTIMIZER_TRACE INTO outfile 'trace.json';
最终看到的jason时这样的(截取部分)：
            "clause_processing": {\
              "clause": "GROUP BY",\
              "original_clause": "`test_table`.`brokerid` desc",\
              "items": [\
                {\
                  "item": "`test_table`.`brokerid`"\
                }\
              ],\
              "resulting_clause_is_simple": true,\
              "resulting_clause": "`test_table`.`brokerid` desc"\
            }\
          },\
          {\
            "refine_plan": [\
              {\
                "table": "`test_table`",\
                "access_type": "table_scan"\
              }\
            ]\
          },\
          {\
            "reconsidering_access_paths_for_index_ordering": {\
              "clause": "GROUP BY",\
              "index_order_summary": {\
                "table": "`test_table`",\
                "index_provides_order": true,\
                "order_direction": "desc",\
                "index": "brokerid",\
                "plan_changed": true,\
                "access_type": "index_scan"\

大家可以很清晰的看到，Mysql在之前还是有很多可以选择的索引，但是最后
reconsidering_access_paths_for_index_ordering 中却选择了brokerid，访问路径为index_scan.
奇了个怪了，为啥？google了一把后，发现之前有类似的bug Bug #70245,里面说eq_range_index_dive_limit 会影响range查询计划，官方文档确实也是这
么说的。But，无论我怎么设置eq_range_index_dive_limit的值，丝毫不会影响执行计划

dbadmin:abc> select @@session.eq_range_index_dive_limit;
+-------------------------------------+
| @@session.eq_range_index_dive_limit |
+-------------------------------------+
|                                  10 |
+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
以上SQL测试均来自 @@session.eq_range_index_dive_limit。
设置成200（>in(N)）：set @@session.eq_range_index_dive_limit=200;
设置成0(<in(N))，set @@session.eq_range_index_dive_limit=0；
设置成与IN列表中的个数(=in(N))： set @@session.eq_range_index_dive_limit=6；
以上执行计划没有任何变化，跑出来的时间，和上面一样。

那怎么办呢？

首先

既然brokerid干扰其优化器的选择，如果我将其drop掉,优化器是否能够选择正确的索引呢？

dbadmin:abc> alter table test_table drop index brokerid;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
dbadmin:abc> explain select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+----------------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys        | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                                  |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+----------------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_table | range | report_date,cst_date | cst_date | 8       | NULL |  780 | Using index condition; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+----------------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
dbadmin:abc> flush status;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
dbadmin:abc> select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----------+
| brokerid |
+----------+
|  2112641 |
|  2111870 |
|  2076429 |
|  2072897 |
|  1988209 |
|  1897956 |
|  1816767 |
|  1767494 |
|  1754405 |
|  1709879 |
|  1628017 |
|  1587473 |
|  1582185 |
|  1574712 |
|  1562055 |
+----------+
15 rows in set (0.11 sec)
dbadmin:abc> show status like 'Hand%';
+----------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name              | Value |
+----------------------------+-------+
| Handler_commit             | 1     |
| Handler_delete             | 0     |
| Handler_discover           | 0     |
| Handler_external_lock      | 2     |
| Handler_mrr_init           | 0     |
| Handler_prepare            | 0     |
| Handler_read_first         | 0     |
| Handler_read_key           | 6     |
| Handler_read_last          | 0     |
| Handler_read_next          | 781   |
| Handler_read_prev          | 0     |
| Handler_read_rnd           | 30    |
| Handler_read_rnd_next      | 36    |
| Handler_rollback           | 0     |
| Handler_savepoint          | 0     |
| Handler_savepoint_rollback | 0     |
| Handler_update             | 0     |
| Handler_write              | 781   |
+----------------------------+-------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

果然，Mysql选择了正确的索引，跑起来还不错。但是那个索引要经常被用到，不能被删除，结果这条道路是走不通的。

其次

再回头看看trace的选择，里面有关于”clause”: “GROUP BY”？我就再想，是不是由于Group by的原因呢？不清楚，那就试试呗，于是将distinct去掉，试试看

dbadmin:abc> explain select   `brokerid`  from `test_table` force index(cst_date) where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                 |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_table | range | cst_date      | cst_date | 8       | NULL |  780 | Using index condition; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
dbadmin:abc> show status like 'Hand%';
+----------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name              | Value |
+----------------------------+-------+
| Handler_commit             | 1     |
| Handler_delete             | 0     |
| Handler_discover           | 0     |
| Handler_external_lock      | 2     |
| Handler_mrr_init           | 0     |
| Handler_prepare            | 0     |
| Handler_read_first         | 0     |
| Handler_read_key           | 6     |
| Handler_read_last          | 0     |
| Handler_read_next          | 781   |
| Handler_read_prev          | 0     |
| Handler_read_rnd           | 0     |
| Handler_read_rnd_next      | 0     |
| Handler_rollback           | 0     |
| Handler_savepoint          | 0     |
| Handler_savepoint_rollback | 0     |
| Handler_update             | 0     |
| Handler_write              | 0     |
+----------------------------+-------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

情况貌似好转了，但是这样子是不满足业务逻辑的呀。。。。
于是，再仔细看看SQL语句的，发现order by 和 group by 重合了，，，为啥不利用group by来排序呢？
so，SQL语句这样修改一下

dbadmin:abc> explain select   `brokerid`    from     `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'   group  by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type  | possible_keys                     | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                                  |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_table | range | report_date,cst_date,idx_brokerid | cst_date | 8       | NULL |  780 | Using index condition; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
dbadmin:abc> show status like 'Hand%';
+----------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name              | Value |
+----------------------------+-------+
| Handler_commit             | 1     |
| Handler_delete             | 0     |
| Handler_discover           | 0     |
| Handler_external_lock      | 2     |
| Handler_mrr_init           | 0     |
| Handler_prepare            | 0     |
| Handler_read_first         | 0     |
| Handler_read_key           | 6     |
| Handler_read_last          | 0     |
| Handler_read_next          | 781   |
| Handler_read_prev          | 0     |
| Handler_read_rnd           | 15    |
| Handler_read_rnd_next      | 36    |
| Handler_rollback           | 0     |
| Handler_savepoint          | 0     |
| Handler_savepoint_rollback | 0     |
| Handler_update             | 0     |
| Handler_write              | 781   |
+----------------------------+-------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

从性能上看

优化前的SQL：
dbadmin:abc> select distinct  `brokerid`  from `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126'  order by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----------+
| brokerid |
+----------+
|  2112641 |
|  2111870 |
|  2076429 |
|  2072897 |
|  1988209 |
|  1897956 |
|  1816767 |
|  1767494 |
|  1754405 |
|  1709879 |
|  1628017 |
|  1587473 |
|  1582185 |
|  1574712 |
|  1562055 |
+----------+
15 rows in set (5 min 42.10 sec)
优化后的SQL：
dbadmin:abc> select  `brokerid`  from `test_table`  where `cst_broker_company_ids` in ( '59494' , '59499' , '59502' , '59727' , '60119' , '93204' )  and `report_date` >= '20141101'  and `report_date` <= '20141126' group by `brokerid` desc limit 15,15;
+----------+
| brokerid |
+----------+
|  2112641 |
|  2111870 |
|  2076429 |
|  2072897 |
|  1988209 |
|  1897956 |
|  1816767 |
|  1767494 |
|  1754405 |
|  1709879 |
|  1628017 |
|  1587473 |
|  1582185 |
|  1574712 |
|  1562055 |
+----------+
15 rows in set (0.01 sec)
PS：为了保证SQL的效率的准确性，以上SQL均重启后第一次跑的时间为准。

总结
1. distinct，orderby ，group by，limit 这几个条件放在一起，会给Mysql 优化器带来很大的负担，建议尽量不要这样使用。